Цитаты
But something happened around his twentythird year – whether it was sudden or gradual, we do not know – that led to the harshest excommunication ever proclaimed by the leaders of the Amsterdam Sephardim.
We have only the cherem document, full of oaths and maledictions, that was composed by the community’s governors.
But after his excommunication from the Talmud Torah congregation and his voluntary exile from the city of his birth, Spinoza no longer identified himself as a Jew.
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