Chris Miller

military-industrial complex, for example, made up 10–20 percent of the Soviet economy. When defense spending was cut to just several percent of GDP—the normal amount for European countries—this pushed GDP down sharply. Yet cutting wasteful production of unnecessary rockets and tanks made Russians no worse off.

Inspectors visited businesses less to examine their operations than to threaten and collect payments in exchange for leaving the targeted firm alone. Industrial inspections varied drastically by region, with an average of 6.5 inspections per month in Krasnoyarsk but only 1.1 per month in Tver. There was no evidence that Krasnoyarsk factories were safer than Tver’s. The difference between the two provinces had less to do with factories than with inspectors, who were apparently more venal in Krasnoyarsk.36

feared that Huawei’s products were now priced so attractively, partly owing to Chinese

The steady tempo of technological innovation that underwrote Moore’s Law required ever more complex materials, machinery, and processes that could only be supplied or funded via global markets

Chang spent his teenage years fleeing the Japanese armies that swept across China, moving to Guangzhou; the British colony of Hong Kong

Soon Mao Zedong’s forces were marching on Shanghai. Morris Chang was once again a refugee, forced to flee to Hong Kong for the second time

raping Grove’s mother, and installing a brutal puppet regime in the Nazis’ place

World War II was a conflict of industrial attrition

an industrial war was a struggle America would win

success in terms of copper and iron, rubber and oil, aluminum and tin as America converted manufacturing might into military power