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James Carse

Finite and Infinite Games

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“There are at least two kinds of games,” states James P. Carse as he begins this extraordinary book. “One could be called finite; the other infinite.”

Finite games are the familiar contests of everyday life; they are played in order to be won, which is when they end. But infinite games are more mysterious. Their object is not winning, but ensuring the continuation of play. The rules may change, the boundaries may change, even the participants may change—as long as the game is never allowed to come to an end.

What are infinite games? How do they affect the ways we play our finite games? What are we doing when we play—finitely or infinitely? And how can infinite games affect the ways in which we live our lives?

Carse explores these questions with stunning elegance, teasing out of his distinctions a universe of observation and insight, noting where and why and how we play, finitely and infinitely. He surveys our world—from the finite games of the playing field and playing board to the infinite games found in culture and religion—leaving all we think we know illuminated and transformed. Along the way, Carse finds new ways of understanding everything, from how an actress portrays a role to how we engage in sex, from the nature of evil to the nature of science. Finite games, he shows, may offer wealth and status, power and glory, but infinite games offer something far more subtle and far grander.

Carse has written a book rich in insight and aphorism. Already an international literary event, Finite and Infinite Games is certain to be argued about and celebrated for years to come. Reading it is the first step in learning to play the infinite game.

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Впечатления

  • 洪一萍делится впечатлением5 лет назад
    💡Learnt A Lot

    Whoever plays a finite game plays freely, but it is often the case that finite players will be unaware of this freedom and will think that whatever they do they must do.

    No one is forced to be a lawyer, but once you decide to be a lawyer, there are rules you must follow to continue being a lawyer.
    Since you play a finite game to win, every move must be in the goal of winning, and so you believe you must make whatever moves are necessary to win.
    It may seem that the prizes of winning are indispensible, that life is meaningless without them, but few games are life and death.
    The fields of play do not impose themselves on us, all limitations of finite play are self-limitations.

    A degree of self-veiling (self-deception) is necessary in all finite games, since we must forget they are optional in order to be motivated to win. This is true with all roles. You step freely into the role of mother, but once in it, you must suspend your freedom to give the role the attention it requires.

    Infinite players do not avoid finite games, they enter into them with the appropriate energy and self veiling, but without the seriousness of finite players. They embrace the abstractness, and take them up playfully.

    The desire of all finite players is to be a “Master Player,” one who is perfectly skilled at the game and who can play as if they already know the outcome.

    Finite players avoid surprise and try to plan around them, infinite players expect to be surprised and continue their play in pursuit of it.

    To be prepared against surprise is to be trained, to be prepared for surprise is to be educated. Training regards the past as finished and the future to be finished. Education leads toward a continuing self-discovery; training leads toward a final self-definition.

    People who take on special diets and regimens to extend their youth and postpone aging choose to hate their life now in order to have it later.

    The joyfulness of infinite play, its laughter, is in learning to start something we can’t finish.

    Infinite players don’t oppose the actions of others, but initiate the actions of their own so that others will respond by initiating actions of their own.

    Schools are a form of finite game, to the degree that they give ranked awares to those who win degrees from them. Those awards qualify graduates for competition in still higher games, like pretigious colleges, and then professional schools beyond that, with a continuing sequence of higher games in each profession, and so forth.

    The loudspeaker, muting all other voices and therefore all possibility of conversation, is not listened to at all, and therefore loses its voice and becomes mere noise.

Цитаты

  • alish1309цитирует3 года назад
    Where the finite player plays for immortality, the infinite player plays as a mortal
  • Eugene Matveyevцитирует4 года назад
    We are not artists by reason of having mastered certain skills or exercising specified techniques. Art has no scripted roles for its performers.
  • Eugene Matveyevцитирует4 года назад
    One does not become an artist by acquiring certain skills or techniques, though one can use any number of skills and techniques in artistic activity. The creative is found in anyone who is prepared for surprise. Such a person cannot go to school to be an artist, but can only go to school as an artist

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