R.D

On average, these studies found that vegan BMDs were 10 to 20 percent lower than those of lacto-ovo vegetarians or

nonvegetarians. Six studies found little or no significant difference in the bone health of vegans compared to that of other dietary groups

Of the three studies assessing fracture risk or fracture rates, one showed increased fracture risk in vegans, 246 and the other showed increased fracture ratesThe first, a study of Taiwanese vegetarians and vegans, estimated the risk of lumbar spine fracture to be 2.5 times higher in long-term vegans (who had been vegan for at least fifteen years) than in other vegetarians

Dietary factors known to contribute

positively to bone health include appropriate intakes of calcium, iron, zinc,

copper, boron, fluoride, magnesium, manganese, and vitamins D, K, and C.

Vegan diets tend to produce a lower metabolic acid load, reducing urinary calcium excretionHowever, vegan diets often are lower in calcium, which can also have negative consequences for

bones.